I think it would be conventional idea to create a PRINT link production

newspaper COVER- sports page-men -PERFORMANCE OF MASCULITY-

FRONT PAGE?

articles inside the newspaer?- ADVERTISMENT- placed around article to indicate the class of paper n whom they are targeting- e.g asda,sainsbury- cheap prices- working class-women

very busy

article on celebrities- sensationalising

article on NORMAL PEOPLE with SUPRISING and fascinating stories-

could do lacan article on silver screeen-women

however COULD incude SEX STORIES-

would be difficult  to do male gaze as the sun has explicitive sexual objectification of women- visual images of womens objectification would be challenge!

THE SUN-link production

I think it would be conventional idea to create a PRINT link production

newspaper COVER- sports page-men -PERFORMANCE OF MASCULITY-

FRONT PAGE?

articles inside the newspaer?- ADVERTISMENT- placed around article to indicate the class of paper n whom they are targeting- e.g asda,sainsbury- cheap prices- working class-women

very busy

article on celebrities- sensationalising

article on NORMAL PEOPLE with SUPRISING and fascinating stories-

could do lacan article on silver screeen-women

however COULD incude SEX STORIES-

would be difficult  to do male gaze as the sun has explicitive sexual objectification of women- visual images of womens objectification would be challenge!

A public library in Sowerby Bridge, West
Yorkshire, banned the paper because of its “excessive sexual content”.
The Lab our MP Alex Lyon
waved a copy of The Sun in the House of Commons and suggested the
paper could be prosecuted for indecency. Sexually related features such as
“Do Men Still Want To Marry A Virgin?” and “The Way into a

Sex was used
as an important element in marketing the paper from the start. While the Daily Mirror frequently featured
a pin-up
photograph of a young woman in bikini or lingerie, ostensibly as a fashion
item, The Sun dispensed with the excuses; it featured what were openly glamour photographs of women, wearing fewer clothes than their Mirror
counterparts. When the
first topless Page Three girl appeared on 17 November 1970, German-born
Stephanie Rahn, little offence was caused as she was presented as a one-off
“Birthday Suit Girl” to mark the first anniversary of the re-launched
Sun.

Controversy was only ignited over the next four years when the topless Page three girl gradually became a regular fixture, and with
increasingly risqué poses. Both feminists
and many cultural conservatives saw the pictures as pornographic and
misogynistic. A public library in Sowerby Bridge, West Yorkshire, banned the
paper because of its “excessive sexual content”.
Woman’s Bed” began to appear.

Can you define what news really is? Is it simply a case of
whatever is in the paper is accepted as news? Isn’t it funny how the exact
amount of news in the world fits perfectly into the paper? Galtung and Ruge
were two academics who set about trying to define what made news newsworthy, they set up a taxonomy/catalogue of
news values as they tried to explain what appealed to journalists, editors and most importantly the people who
read the news.

Galtung and Ruge – What is news? What is
news?

“News
is what a chap who doesn’t care much about anything wants to read. And it’s
only news until he’s read it.” (Waugh, 1943, p.66). While Arthur Evelyn Waugh’s
definition of news could be seen to be true in the very broadest sense, it
remains a limited perspective. He describes the news as it might be described
by an average member of the public, and in that sense he might be right but
Waugh’s definition does not explain why news is selected, nor what makes a
piece of news newsworthy. The
definition of news is far more complex and in this essay I will attempt to
explain this idea further by referring to a number of news theories including those of
Galtung and Ruge, Alistair Hetherington, Allan Bell and the Marxist theorists
of the Frankfurt School. By closely examining these news theories I aim to show
why a combination of each could contribute to creating an overall, balanced
definition of what news actually is, and why the definition of Waugh’s
is limited.

Johan Galtung and Mari
Ruge first had their paper published in 1965, and aimed to answer the
question: “How do events become ‘news’?”. They highlighted a series of
contributing factors that defined what news values were. The taxonomy of news values, covers
12 factors. If we examine three of those and apply them to modern day
news stories we will see how Galtung and Ruge defined news. Reference to elite nations: This
factor is prevalent in today’s newspapers although it is most likely taken for
granted by the average reader. Only last week in The Times on the day after the
American mid-term elections, a total of seven pages covered different aspects
of the elections, including the front page lead. Why are we always hearing
stories from America and yet very few from places like Africa or Asia? In
geographical terms they are all just as far away from Britain. It is true that
America will have more influence politically, economically and culturally than
many other countries, but does that mean that one of the most common and strong
news values; human interest, should be ignored when it comes to the rest of the
world? For example the 13 year old Somalian girl who was stoned to death in
October 2008. Her crime was that she was a rape victim. This story was
eventually picked up by websites here in Britain, including that of the BBC,
but it received very little coverage and was not a talking point amongst the
majority of Britons, even though it was a truly horrific story. This leads me on to the next
factor of Galtung and Ruge: Reference to something negative: This is a factor that holds
true in most likely, every newsroom in the world. It is common knowledge amongst journalists that bad news
is good news. American journalist Gloria Borger sums it up like this:
“For most folks, no news is good news; for the press, good news is not news.”
The general hierarchy of news values places death at the top, followed by
serious horrific injury, followed by minor injury. This top three speaks for
itself, and while negativity
is a big seller in newspaper terms, there are times when certain stories will
not make it to the front pages. Again I refer to the story of the
Somalian girl. So it can be seen that Galtung and Ruge’s factors can overlap
and no matter how negative the story, it might still never be printed depending
on what country the story originates from. Another of Galting and Ruge’s news
factors that can be seen in every newspaper in print today is unambiguity. The
less complicated a story is the more likely it is to appear in newspapers.
Newspapers try hard to keep stories simple and clear for the readers, and even
in more complicated stories they will concentrate on one particular angle, in
order to simplify it for the reader. However, it is a common and important
aspect of any journalists job to simplify and make clear any story that they
write. Therefore it is not always unambiguous stories that make news, but
rather the texts themselves. This shows that the theory of unambiguity is
flawed in that it does not take into account the practical needs of
journalists, or rather it portrays it as a news value, rather than an industry
requirement. It is clear that while Galtung and Ruge’s theories go a long way
in defining what news is, they sometimes fail to recognise practical aspects of
journalism and fall short of explaining why these factors are actually
considered newsworthy.

Following on from Galtung and Ruge’s
taxonomy of news values is the Hetherington theory. Alistair Hetherington, former
editor of the Guardian took the most obvious news value of journalists
to be “Does it interest me?”. Following up on this statement he compiled his own list of news values
which comprised of: “significance; drama; surprise; personalities, sex, scandal
and crime; numbers; and proximity” (Hetherington, 1985, pp. 8-9). If we
compare Hetherington’s list with that of Galtung and Ruge, we see that
Hetherington has elaborated on, and at the same time, brought together some of
Galtung and Ruge’s news values. Whilst Galtung and Ruge covered negativity and elite peoples and
nations, Hetherington
covers the same type of stories through different values. For example, sex: It
is no secret amongst journalists or readers that sex sells. Newspapers will
pounce on any story involving the sex lives of famous people in society. Some
of the most memorable stories of the last 20 years have involved sex scandals:
adulterous presidents; speculation on the virginity of pop stars; cheating
footballers or swinging politicians. Most recently Italian Prime Minister
Silvio Berlusconi has been embroiled in allegations that he has paid for sex
with prostitutes as young as 17 years old. This story has found prominence in every national
newspaper in Britain for the past few months, and as more revelations are made,
the story will continue. The Berlusconi story actually covers more of Hetherington’s
values such as drama, surprise, personalities and scandal. It could be
argued that for the Italian people in particular, significance and proximity are also covered. Clearly
Hetherington’s theory is effective in selecting news values that find
prominence in today’s newspapers, however he still misses out those
values which can only be attributed to the journalist and not the story itself.

• Selby and Cowdery (1955), describe 11
  news values.
  • Ethnocentricity: the
    closer the story is to the home audience, the more likely it is likely to be
    covered.
  • Magnitude the event
    has to be big” which may be defined in terms of how many people it influences

  Surprise:
  extraordinary stories are more likely to be coverage than common place ones.

• Elite creditness:
  well known people are more likely to be reported than unknown ones.
• Negativity: most
  news covered is “bad news” because “good news
• Clarity: the story
  has to be relatively simple to explain. Arcane matters of economic theory are
  rarely aired on the news, while the natural flood is easy to understand.

In addition to Selby and Cowdery
selection there are four more factors:

Frequency: events that happen on a daily basis are
far more likely to be reported than those which develop over weeks

The Sun had an average daily circulation of 2,715,473 copies in
October 2011.
Between July and December 2010 it had an average daily readership of
approximately 7.6 million, of whom approximately 2.65 million were in the ABC1
demographic and 4.9 million in the C2DE
demographic.

The Sun is
published by the News Group Newspapers division of News International, itself a wholly owned subsidiary
of Rupert
Murdoch‘s News Corporation

When The Sun was generally accepted as a male paper, the issues of male gaze may
have been less problematic…
page 3 clearly sexually
objectifies women for the
benefit of a male readership… but now that female readership is
rising 6% year on
year, is the negative
representation of women
more problematic?

Lacan’s mirror

Self surveillance

Dominant roles for performing femininity

Image, bitchy, fake,-materialistic

The Sun and other British tabloids have also provoked controversy by
featuring girls as young as 16 as topless models, when it was legal to do so. Samantha
Fox, Maria Whittaker, Debee Ashby,
and others began their topless modelling careers in The Sun at that age,
while the Daily Sport was even known to count down the days until it
could feature a teenage girl topless on her 16th birthday, as it did with Linsey Dawn McKenzie in 1994, amongst others.
Controversy over 16-year-old Page Three girls ended when the Sexual Offences Act 2003 raised the
minimum age for topless modelling to 18.

Rebecca Wade later wrote an
editorial defending the feature against its critics, calling Page Three models
“intelligent, vibrant young women who appear in The Sun out of
choice and because they enjoy the job.”

The Sun’s
blatant use of titillation, attaching a deliberately sexually charged image to
a story that does not require this sign, but uses her image to try and sell the
paper to the readers that follow showbiz and to the those that find her
attractive.

analyse media text-when i grow up video-

feminism and post-femininsm

post 1970s there have been criticism of mlveys theory, why do you think that it is?

we see the rise of heroines and dominant females

limitations of mulveys theory.. the female gaze

gammon and marshment (1988 the female gaze)

women veiwers are active not passsive and engange critically with texts by selecting the ones that heve meaning to them.

female audiences place their own intrepretaions on media texts,

the audience plays an important role in the constructio of meaning of media texts and can intrpret the text in a range of ways.

in a post feminstic era there are a range of media representaions of men for women to veiw scoophiliacallly

pussycat dolls -

audience are more sophiscated

range of media text for females to veiw men scopphilialcally

wewre men are veiwed-sexual orientation

Judith Butler-gender orientaions

the female gazefile:///Network/Servers/hgs4029-sr-01.hgs.internal/davij530.309$/Desktop/FEMINISM.docx

diet coke advert-subverts mulveys

close up of man drinking coke , the viewers are

file:///Network/Servers/hgs4029-sr-01.hgs.internal/davij530.309$/Desktop/Henry%20Jenkins.docx

laura mulvey

we lookd at calamity jane -she drank,smoke- on scene persona gets stripped of her, replaced by what society felt should be like- being pretty and win the affections of man.

scooophillia-getting plaesure from being watching

dont know they are being watched

narcissistic -obseessive with yourself loved with yor opion for e.g kerry katona could be sseen as a narcistic so consumed into appearence

certain female chracter

l cannn mirror theory -media,films act s a mirror reflect back at audience can make them feel empowerd to the chracter or striving for a perfection 9loathing) reflecting that text to our selves may find common things to our lives

if there was no media or popular uclture would we have a sence of fashon or class-creates a narciistic in society.e.g we should go to college

feminst argue-dictatoed to women to how we should be

fetishism-getting pleasure of something that isnt a norm

why do people have fetishes? they do not want to be seen normal gives a person individualty, subconsciously-we are conditioned by the media to find something beautiful.

weird science-teeen comedy

women used as pleasure-e.g megan fox,pg3 girls-scooophilia, playboy bunny,victoria secret girls, bratz doll- if given subliminal message – affect girls.how much responsibilty does the media have on the public.

objectified woemne-dehumanised made into an object of male desire-feminist.scop-aimed at a men.gun has connotaions of being from a man.

how women in the media are ehumanised? playboy bunnies- very stricted abouthow they dressed- in the wants and expenxseie of a man.e.g stepford wives-taking away power of woemn-arcahaic in

how are thse women are being objectified? narcissitic objectificatiation

feminism

what is femininsm?

who is laura mulvey?

film shows women in two ways or theother-like and women fall into certain catergories stereotypical catergories slut dumb blond traditional wife domestic godess traditional hollywood narrative 1930s 40s made by men audience predominanly men  although female positions are rising female audiences conditioned to believe the norm of these stereotypical striving for perfection idealistic women that men want even thoughaudience have changed to an extent. can be argued about men also be stereotyped as being breed winners and to look in a certain way.things are always being created to subvert new idealogies nd representations.e.g male gaze high angle shot of women look vulnrerable and appearing beatiful in order for the audience to subconsciously think why the women audience does not look like that.typical hollywood genre.

femininsm and post-feminism

men controlled the sction and were resoponsible for moving the narrative along

womne were represented as passive objects of the male gaze

pleasure in veiwing comes from voyeurism,narcism,fetishism,scopphillia and female objectification

pleasures in veiwing we watch them from a male veiw.

voyeurism-peeing tom, from spying someone in a sexual way, 80s teeen movies, boys in the lockker room. the feeeling that the audience is glancing at someones life i.e chracter in film. the audience are voyuers. the women may be lit in a sexual way or  looking at the person for pleasure, whetherher its FOR ESCAPISM.

pycho-the shower scene

dramatic and naked in shower, panning shots were the camera is s just following her. corressing herself,seductive,enjoying shower=arouse and awaken male veiwers. idealistic way in which a women would shower. not realistic way of how a women would shoewr b. its for a male veiwers bias. feminstic strong against certain magazines because they are grooming certain teens to be in a certain way. e.g bliss

the virgin/whore dichotomy- lesson

veiw that women are either  virgin or hyper sexual (whores)

-voyueristically

-fetishisitically

male gaze- concept the audience veiw a film through male perspective

laura mulvey

The Male Gaze – laura mulvey argues that cinema looks at films in two ways voyeuristically and fetishistically. cinema  audiences watch a film without  being watched  by the chracters on screen and usually in a  darkened cinema so other audience members do not observe them either. Therefore they are almost voyuers, watching the people on screen. this can be lead to two effects:

-objectification of female chracaters in relation to this controlling (male) gaze

-narcissitic identification with an ideal image seen on the screen

she argues that this voyeurism involves turning the repesented figure itself into an fetish (object) so that it becomes increasingly beautiful. But more objectified. fetishistic looking, she suggests, leads to the cult of the female movie star, celebrated for her looks but considered as an object and often treated as such.

feminism- Belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes.

Hegemony-The predominant influence, as of a state, region, or group, over another or others.

Oppression-The act of oppressing; arbitrary and cruel exercise of power

Marginalisation-the social process of becoming or being made marginal (especially as a group within the larger society); “the marginalization of the underclass”;

Objectification-To present or regard as an object

Misogyny-Hatred of women.

Voyeur/voyeurism-An obsessive observer of sordid or sensational subjects.

Conventional hollywood films have a male protagonist in the narrative and assume a male audience. Male chracters are and dynamic and not always conventially attractive. Actresses, on the other hand, must be glamorous and attractive but there are only in supporting roles the princess acoording to propp) and therfore are on screen as “eye candy” to appease the male gaze of the (male) audience.

H/w

“From each, according to his ability; to each, according to his need”- karl marx

From each according to his ability, to each according to his need (or needs) is a slogan popularized by Karl Marx in his 1875 Critique of the Gotha Program.[1] The phrase summarizes the principles that, under a communist system, every person should contribute to society to the best of his or her ability and consume from society in proportion to his or her needs. In the Marxist view, such an arrangement will be made possible by the abundance of goods and services that a developed communist society will produce; the idea is that there will be enough to satisfy everyone’s needs

http://www.bing.com/reference/semhtml/?title=From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_need&qpvt=%E2%80%9CFrom+each,+according+to+his+ability;+to+each,+according+to+his+need%E2%80%9D&src=abop&fwd=1&q=from+each+according+to+his+ability+to+each+according+to+his+need